Annona muricata (soursop)

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Id

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Most popular Scientific Identify

Most popular Frequent Identify

Different Scientific Names

• Annona macrocarpa Barb. Rodr.
• Annona muricata L. f. mirabilis R.E. Fr.
• Annona muricata L. var. borinquensis Morales

Worldwide Frequent Names

• English:
  graviola; prickly custard apple
• Spanish:
  anona; guanabana; guanábana; guanábano; sapote agrio
• French:
  anone; anone muriquee; cacheimantier èpineux; cachiman; cachiman èpineux; corossol; corossol épineux; corossolier; grand corossol

Native Frequent Names

• Bolivia:
  sinini
• Brazil:
  araticum; araticum-de-comer; araticum-do-Grande; araticum-manso; areticum; ata-coraçao-de-rainha; condessa; coraçao-de-rainha; graviola; graviola-do-norte; guanabano; jaca; jaca-de-pobre; jaca-do-pará; jaqueira-mole; pinha
• Cambodia:
  tiep banla; tiep barang
• China:
  ci guo fan li zhi
• Prepare dinner Islands:
  katara‘apa; naponapo taratara
• Fiji:
  sarifa; seremaia
• French Polynesia:
  korosor; tapotapo papa‘a; tapotapo urupe
• French Polynesia/Marquesas:
  koroso
• Germany:
  Annone, Stachel-; Sauerapfelbaum; Sauersackbaum; Sauersak
• Guam:
  laguana; laguanaba; laguanaha
• Indonesia:
  nangka seberang; sirsak; zuurzak
• Indonesia/Java:
  nangka belanda
• Italy:
  annona moricata; annona spinosa; casimentaria; pomo di canella
• Japan:
  reishi; togeban
• Laos:
  khan thalot; khièp thét
• Malaysia:
  durian belanda; durian blanda; durian maki; durian makkah; seri kaya belanda
• Marshall Islands:
  jojaab; sauer sharp
• Mexico:
  cabeza de negro; caduts-at; catuche; catucho; llama de tehuantepec; polvox; tak-ob; xunapill; zopote de viejas
• Micronesia, Federated states of:
  saasaf; saasap
• Myanmar:
  duyin-awza
• Nauru:
  dawatsip
• Netherlands:
  zuurzak; zuurzakboom
• New Zealand:
  sasalapa
• Niue:
  talapo fotofoto
• Northern Mariana Islands:
  laguana; laguanaha; syasyap
• Palau:
  sausab
• Papua New Guinea:
  saua sap
• Philippines:
  atti; babana; bayubana; guayabano; guiabano; guyabana; gwabana; labanus; llabanos
• Sierra Leone:
  soursapi
• Thailand:
  rian-nam; thu-rian-khack; thurian-khaek; thurian-thet
• Vietnam:
  mang cân xiem; mang cau xiem

EPPO code

Abstract of Invasiveness

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A. muricata is a small American tree, maybe native to Mexico, Central America, and South America, and likewise occuring within the West Indies and Caribbean. It’s thought-about an invasive species in CenBIO (Acevedo-Rodriguez and Sturdy, 2012). The species is tolerant of poor soils, is propagated by each seed and cuttings, and has a historical past of repeated, intentional introductions in locations past its native vary (PIER, 2014). The species obtained a low danger rating of -Three in an evaluation ready for PIER (2014), indicating it isn’t at present a significant menace, however it’s included within the International Compendium of Weeds as an “agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed” (Randall, 2012), and is cited as invasive in some Pacific islands by references listed by PIER (2014). Within the Asia Pacific area it’s identified to be sometimes adventive or sparingly naturalized in components of French Polynesia (Wagner and Lorence, 2014), and has been reported to be “reasonably invasive on Nauru” and cited by PIER (2014) as invasive in components of Tonga, Hawaii and the Galapagos Islands.

Taxonomic Tree

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• Area: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Annonales
•                         Household: Annonaceae
•                             Genus: Annona
•                                 Species: Annona muricata

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The genus Annona, generally referred to as the custard-apple genus, consists of about 125 species with some species broadly cultivated for his or her edible fruits and sometimes changing into naturalized past their native vary of tropical America and Africa (Wagner et al., 2014a). The genus identify Annona may very well be derived from the Latin ‘anon’, which means ‘yearly produce’, referring to “the fruit manufacturing habits of the varied species on this genus” (Orwa et al., 2009), or, in accordance with Britton and Wilson (1924), from ‘Hanon’, “an aboriginal identify for the tree in tropical America, most likely Santo Domingo”. The species identify ‘muricata’ refers back to the smooth spinules on the fruit’s exterior which have additionally led to some vernacular names, like ‘prickly custard apple’ (Quattrocchi, 2012). The frequent identify soursop refers back to the barely acidic style of the ripe fruit.

Vellozo described a species with the identify A. muricata in 1827, however that species was quickly after renamed A. montana by Macfadyen in his Flora of Jamaica in 1837. 

Description

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Wagner et al. (2014a, b) give the next description: Small tree 7.5-9 m tall, new progress puberulent with reddish brown hairs. Leaves distichous, petiolate, blade narrowly obovate, narrowly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 6.5-20 cm lengthy, 2.5-6.5 cm vast, base acute to rounded, apex acuminate, shiny and glabrous above, strigillose alongside costa and secondary veins beneath, with barbate domatia in secondary vein axils, secondary veins 8-12 pairs, petioles thick, 5-Eight mm lengthy. Inflorescences cauliflorous or ramiferous, generally in fascicles on knobby outgrowths of trunk, or solitary and leaf-opposed, pedicels stout, 15-20 mm lengthy, 2-2.5 mm in diameter, obconical, rusty puberulent, bracteolate; sepals 3, valvate, broadly triangular, 3-Four mm lengthy, 5-6 mm vast, thick, apex acute, puberulent externally, petals thick, fleshy, glabrous, greenish-yellow to yellow, Three outer petals 30 mm lengthy, 22 mm vast, ovate, base cordate, apex acuminate, Three interior petals 20-22 mm lengthy, 10-15 mm vast, elliptic, cucullate, base acute to attenuate, apex obtuse; stamens quite a few, Four mm lengthy, 1 mm in diam., clavate with thickened apex; ovary ca. 5 mm lengthy, Eight mm vast, broadly conical, carpels densely velutinous. Fruit a big, fleshy syncarp to 30 cm lengthy, 15 cm lengthy, ovoid to rectangular, typically considerably curved, when recent inexperienced with out, the floor bearing often well-spaced, smooth, conical, curved spines 2-Three mm lengthy, the flesh white, juicy and with cotton-like fibers, surrounding the quite a few seeds. Seeds gentle to darkish brown, 13-17 mm lengthy, 9-10 mm vast, ellipsoid, compressed, with low marginal ridge; endosperm ruminate. 

This small, evergreen tree could also be slender and upright or low branching and bushy; it typically turns into straggly and untidy with age. The darkish inexperienced leaves emit a powerful odour when crushed. The flowers, which have a peculiar odor, are hermaphrodite and are sometimes produced singly or in small clusters on previous wooden. Regular fruits are typically heart-shaped to oval, but when there may be poor pollination, unfertilized ovules fail to develop and the ensuing fruit assumes distorted irregular shapes and is normally undersized. The darkish inexperienced pores and skin has many recurved, smooth spines 0.5-1.Three cm aside. There may be typically a constriction like a fault on the aspect of the fruit, the place the pores and skin has not swollen and the spines are a lot nearer collectively. The fruit stalk is about 3-Eight cm lengthy and woody. The ripe pulp, which adheres to the pores and skin however is definitely separated into segments (which have been the separate ovaries), has an agreeable subacid flavour with a definite aroma (Janick and Paull, 2008).

Plant Kind

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Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub
Tree
Vegetatively propagated
Woody

Distribution

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A. muricata is of tropical American origin though its precise origin is unknown (PIER, 2014; Wagner et al., 2014a); it’s most likely native in Central America and in northern South America (Hanelt et al., 2001). It’s identified to be cultivated in Africa (primarily the nice and cozy lowlands of jap and western Africa), temperate and tropical Asia, Australasia, North America, the south-central Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Mesoamerica (USDA-ARS, 2014).

Some variations have been discovered between sources as to the place the species is native. It’s reported by some authorities as unique to the Caribbean and West Indies together with Puerto Rico (Acevedo-Rodriguez and Sturdy, 2012; Randall, 2012), but it surely was listed as native to Puerto Rico by USDA-NRCS (2014) and as native to Caribbean territories by ITIS (2014). Hanelt et al. (2001) stories the species to be “discovered wild and cultivated from sea stage to 1000 m within the Antilles and from south Mexico to Peru and north Argentina”, though the species is reported as unique within the Lesser Antilles (Acevedo-Rodriguez and Sturdy, 2012).

Distribution Desk

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The distribution on this abstract desk is predicated on all the data accessible. When a number of references are cited, they could give conflicting info on the standing. Additional particulars could also be accessible for particular person references within the Distribution Desk Particulars part which might be chosen by going to Generate Report.

Final up to date: 10 Jan 2020

Historical past of Introduction and Unfold

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A. muricata is of tropical American origin (PIER, 2014; Wagner et al., 2014a), and it’s most likely native to Central America and northern South America (Hanelt et al., 2001; Acevedo-Rodriguez and Sturdy, 2012). Archaeological proof signifies each A. muricata and A. cherimola have been current in pre-Hispanic Peru somewhat than an introduction by Spaniards, as was thought by 17^th-century data (Bonavia et al., 2004). It was one of many first fruit timber carried from America to the Outdated World Tropics (Morton, 1987). Each A. cherimola and A. muricata have been launched to Asia by the use of the Spanish galleon commerce at an early date, and A. muricata is now broadly cultivated throughout the Asia Pacific area for its edible fruit (Koesriharti, 1991; PIER, 2014).

Date of introduction of A. muricata to the West Indies and Caribbean area is unsure, but it surely was noticed rising in Jamaica within the early 16^th century by Sir Hans Sloane, who collected a specimen that’s now within the Sloane herbarium of the UK Pure Historical past Museum in London (specimen BM000594141). Morton (1987) states that Oviedo described the fruit as considerable within the West Indies and in northern South America in 1526. The species has been current in Puerto Rico since earlier than the 1880’s, because it was included in each Bello’s (1883) and Britton and Wilson’s (1924) works on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It has been grown in Florida since most likely the 1870s (Morton, 1987).

Habitat

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A. muricata, though broadly cultivated, happens in thickets, hillsides, mountain woodlands, and shaded ravines in Puerto Rico (Britton and Wilson, 1924; Liogier and Martorell, 2000) and in humid premontane forests in Colombia (Vascular Crops of Antioquia, 2014). In Bolivia the species happens in lowland rainforests (Bolivia Guidelines, 2014). It is usually cultivated in coastal, island, and Amazonian components of Ecuador, the place the species is native (Vascular Crops of Ecuador, 2014). The species has additionally been reported to happen in disturbed lowland areas (Peru Guidelines, 2014). 

Habitat Checklist

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Class	Sub-Class	Habitat	Presence	Standing
Terrestrial
	Terrestrial – Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Current, no additional particulars	Productive/non-natural
		Disturbed areas	Current, no additional particulars	Productive/non-natural
	Terrestrial ‑ Pure / Semi-natural	Pure forests	Current, no additional particulars	Pure
		Pure forests	Current, no additional particulars	Productive/non-natural
Littoral
		Coastal areas	Current, no additional particulars	Pure
		Coastal areas	Current, no additional particulars	Productive/non-natural

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

1n = 8; 2n = 14 (IPCN Chromosome Stories, 2014).

Reproductive Biology

Timber might be propagated clonally, particularly by means of varied budding and grafting strategies on seedling shares, as is the apply in components of America (e.g. Columbia, Venezuela). Nonetheless, the species is often raised from seed (Morton, 1987).

Development and Improvement

A. muricata branches freely by means of the emergence of sylleptic shoots. Extension progress can happen at any time of the 12 months and proceeds pretty steadily; there aren’t any outstanding flushes. The emergence of flower buds follows extension progress. The place of the flowers – primarily terminal on quick shoots and wherever alongside the axis of lengthy shoots – means that they’re initiated terminally, the meristem being pushed to a lateral place as extension progress of the shoot is resumed. A dry season imposes synchronous shoot progress and flowering, resulting in a harvest peak three months later, however the synchronization is regularly misplaced in the middle of the wet season. Annona species typically require 27-35 days for flower bud growth from initiation to anthesis. The soursop produces fruit all year long, however peak manufacturing in most areas comes throughout summer time and early autumn, generally with a secondary peak throughout early spring. No photoperiod responses have been reported (Janick and Paull, 2008). Pure pollination in soursop is complicated and normally ends in very low fruit set and yields, with wind- and self-pollination being low (1.5%). The flowers are protandrous, the pollen is shed because the outer petals open in the direction of the night. The interior petals open a lot later and solely very barely, admitting small bugs attracted by the perfume of the flowers. Presumably these bugs impact cross-pollination, although somewhat inadequately, for few flowers set fruit and lots of fruits are misshapen as quite a few ovules will not be fertilized. These nitidulid beetles (Carpophilus and Uroporus spp.) are thought-about essential pollinators, though no important impact has been noticed from their presence in some instances. These beetles breed very quick within the stays of fruit, so it’s endorsed to retain rotting fruit as an attractant. Some stories have indicated that the presence of three nitidulid beetles per flower can improve fruit set by 25% (Southampton Centre for Underutilized Crops, 2006). Insufficient pollination seems to be the primary issue limiting yield and hand pollination is commonly beneficial for industrial manufacturing. Nonetheless, it’s possible solely the place there’s a particular flowering interval. Typically, very environment friendly hand pollination can lead to important financial returns from increased fruit set and bigger and extra symmetrical fruit. Success in hand pollination is typically variable, being much less profitable on very humid overcast days and with younger, vigorous timber. About 150 flowers might be pollinated by a talented labourer in 1 h with a hit fee of 80-100% (Paull and Duarte, 2012).

Fruit progress exhibits the everyday sigmoidal curve with maturation occurring in 16-24 weeks. Low humidity <60% RH) and temperature <13°C) close to fruit maturity can improve the severity of fruit pores and skin russeting in addition to delaying maturation.

Environmental Necessities

A. muricata requires a heat and humid tropical local weather, prefers well-drained and unfastened, pretty wealthy, deep loamy soil with a pH vary of 5-6.5, is illiberal of waterlogged soil, and might be stunted or killed by chilly spells or gentle frost because the tree is shallow-rooted (Koesriharti, 1991; Orwa et al., 2009). Defoliation and an interruption of fruiting happen when the temperature drops to close freezing. Nonetheless, soursops are able to rising in a variety of soil varieties from sandy to clay loams supplied that the soil has good drainage. Though the tree is often grown on barely acid soils with optimum pH at 5-6.5, it additionally grows on the porous, oolitic limestone of south Florida and the Bahamas. Greater and extra constant yields are obtained on timber grown on well-drained sandy to sandy loam soils. Waterlogging is a significant reason behind floral abscission and root rot resembling bacterial wilt attributable to Pseudomonas spp. Soursop can’t tolerate standing water for any size of time however will tolerate dry soil circumstances. A dry season enhances leaf fall and synchronizes extension progress and flowering to some extent. Poor pollination is a frequent drawback and happens at excessive temperature (30°C) and low humidity (30% relative humidity (RH)), even with hand pollination. Decrease temperature (25°C) and excessive humidity (80% RH) drastically improves pollination (Janick and Paull, 2008).

The smooth wooden of the timber makes them vulnerable to wind harm and limb breakage. Wind may be partially chargeable for the penetration of collar rot organisms. Fruit productiveness is improved by the supply of windbreaks.

Its altitudinal vary is reportedly 0-2000 m; in Bolivia and Peru the species has been reported rising at 0-500 m (Bolivia Guidelines, 2014; Peru Guidelines, 2014), whereas in Colombia and Nicaragua, the species is cultivated at elevations of 0-1000 m (Flora of Nicaragua, 2014; Vascular Crops of Antioquia, 2014), and in Panama it reportedly grows at elevations as much as 2000 m (Panama Guidelines, 2014).

Local weather

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Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Air Temperature

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Rainfall

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Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

Soil response

Soil texture

Technique of Motion and Dispersal

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Pure Dispersal

The species’ seeds are contained inside giant fruits generally weighing as much as 4.5 kg (Flora of Pakistan, 2014) and even 5 kg (Brown, 1950), making its dispersal by wind or water unlikely. Its trademark spinules are additionally unlikely to perform as burrs to connect to animals, contemplating the burden of the fruit. 

Vector Transmission (Biotic)

Fruits are edible and generally eaten by people, animals together with “horses, cows, hogs, and certainly each description of inventory are keen on it” (Macfadyen, 1837), in addition to bats (Koesriharti, 1991), all of which can serve to disperse the species’ seeds.

Unintentional Introduction

The species is thought to have escaped from cultivation and be by accident launched to non-native environments (Randall, 2012).

Intentional Introduction

A. muricata was one of many first vegetation to be launched from the New World to the Outdated Tropics as a crop plant and is now broadly cultivated throughout humid tropical areas of the world for its edible fruit.

Pathway Causes

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Influence Abstract

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Danger and Influence Components

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Invasiveness

• Ample in its native vary
• Tolerates, or advantages from, cultivation, searching strain, mutilation, hearth and many others
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Has propagules that may stay viable for multiple 12 months
• Reproduces asexually

Influence outcomes

• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Negatively impacts human well being

Influence mechanisms

• Produces spines, thorns or burrs

Probability of entry/management

• Extremely prone to be transported internationally intentionally

Makes use of

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A. muricata is mostly identified for its edible fruits. Macfadyen’s flora of Jamaica (1837) describes how the species’ fruit may very well be “eaten plain, or blended with sugar and water, to which wine and nutmeg are generally added. Horses, cows, hogs, and certainly each description of inventory are keen on it”. The fruit pulp is used for making sherbets, ice cream, jellies, and different desserts, in addition to a drink as in Java, Cuba, and components of America (Brown, 1950; Koesriharti, 1991; Flora of Pakistan, 2014). In Indonesia the fruit pulp is boiled and blended with sugar to make sweetcake (‘dodol sirsak’), and within the Philippines younger fruits are eaten as a vegetable (Koesriharti, 1991). The species is troublesome to provide for large-scale, international industrial functions, as “yields are typically low: one or two dozen fruit per tree per 12 months, every fruit weighing greater than 1 kg on common” and “Mature, agency fruit ripen 3—5 days after harvest and might be held solely 2—Three days thereafter, even when cooled. Thus, harvested fruit needs to be dispatched to distant markets at once. Due to their tender pores and skin, fruit needs to be dealt with with nice care”; “due to erratic yield and quick shelf life, manufacturing of soursop is simply too scattered to provide a considerable processing trade. Presumably this is the reason soursop rising in South-East Asia has not expanded convincingly in current occasions” and “worldwide commerce is nearly restricted to processed merchandise” (Koesriharti, 1991).

Along with its use as a meals crop, the seeds and most of the plant components of A. muricata are utilized in conventional medication (Hanelt et al., 2001; Orwa et al., 2009; USDA-ARS, 2014). Badrie and Schauss (2010) report a few of its makes use of in conventional Indian medication in addition to in Jamaica, Haiti, Brazil, the Peruvian Amazon for the remedy of kidney issues, fever, nervousness, ulcers and wounds, with antispasmodic, antidysenteric, and parasiticidal exercise, its leaves for fever, its bark as tonic, roots as antispasmodic and parasiticidal, its flowers as bechic [relieving coughs], unripe fruit as antiscrobutic; and seeds as insecticidal, astringent, and as a fish-poison. The plant is utilized in Ayurvedic medication as a bitter, tonic, abortifacient, febrifuge, for scorpion stings, hypertension, and as a respiratory stimulant. It has turn into common as a substitute treatment for most cancers, and whereas there may be thus far no proof to assist this from scientific trials, some current laboratory analysis means that extracts can act towards most cancers cells (Pieme et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015). Sadly, the fruit and seeds additionally include annonacin, which has been demonstrated to be poisonous in vitro and in vivo to dopaminergic and different neurons, and consumption of the fruit has been related to an elevated danger of growing atypical parkinsonism in people (Lannuzel et al., 2006; Badrie and Schauss, 2010).

A. muricata has additionally been utilized in agriculture as an intercrop species. Koesriharti, (1991) stories that “being a small and early-bearing tree, the soursop could also be planted as an intercrop between bigger fruit timber resembling mango, avocado, and santol. When the primary crop requires the house, the soursop timber are grubbed out”.

The seeds of the fruit possess insecticidal properties and have been used for this goal (Hanelt et al., 2001; Flora of Pakistan, 2014)

Makes use of Checklist

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Environmental

Human meals and beverage

• Beverage base
• Fruits
• Vegetable

Supplies

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Bibliography

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Sunarjono H, 1987. Fruit rising [Indonesian]. Sinar Baru. Bandung, Indonesia,191-195.

Lam PF, Zaipun MZ, 1986. Respiration charges, ethylene productions and chemical compositions of various maturity of soursop (Annona muricata L.) at varied temperatures. MARDI Analysis Bulletin (Malaysia), 14(3): 231-235.

Nakasone HY, 1972. Manufacturing feasibility for soursop. Hawaii Farm Science, 21(1): 10-11.

Rismunandar, 1983. Improvement of fruit crops [Indonesian]. Sinar Baru. Bandung, Indonesia, 147-151.

van der Pijl L, 1953. On the flower biology of some vegetation from Java with common remarks on fly-traps. Annales Bogoriensis, 1: 77-99.

Wijaya, 1988. Plasma nutfah sirsak [Soursop germplasm]. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian (Departemen Pertanian Republik Indonesia), 10(6): 1-2.

References

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Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Lorence DH, 2014. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands web site., Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Establishment. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm

Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Tornabene MW, Weitzman A, Lorence DH, 2014a. Flora of Micronesia web site., Washington DC, Smithsonian Establishment. http://botany.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/micronesia/index.htm

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Contributors

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28/01/2015 Up to date by:

Marianne Jennifer Datiles, Division of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Division of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Distribution Maps

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